Biaya kekerasan dan dampaknya terhadap ekonomi global: Membaca GPI 2025
🇮🇩 Bahasa Indonesia
Skala biaya kekerasan: Angka yang mengguncang
Mari kita lihat lebih detail:
- Total biaya kekerasan global (2024): $19,97 triliun PPP.
- Kontribusi terbesar berasal dari:
- Pengeluaran militer dan keamanan internal: 74% dari total biaya.
- Pengeluaran militer saja: sekitar $9 triliun PPP.
- Negara dengan beban tertinggi: Afghanistan dan Ukraina, di mana biaya kekerasan mencapai lebih dari 40% dari PDB nasional.
- Rata-rata biaya di 10 negara paling terdampak: 27,8% dari PDB.
- Rata-rata biaya di 10 negara paling damai: hanya 2,5% dari PDB.
Sepuluh negara paling terdampak oleh biaya kekerasan (sebagai % PDB, 2024) memiliki rata-rata biaya kekerasan sebesar 27.75%.
- Afghanistan (41.56%).
- Ukraina (40.92%).
- Korea Utara (39.14%).
- Syria (33.97%).
- Somalia (24.71%).
- Republik Afrika Tengah (22.48%).
- Colombia (19.66%).
- Wilayah Palestina (19.42%).
- Burkina Faso (18.97%).
- Siprus (16.75%).
Negara-negara ini mengalami kombinasi konflik internal, perang internasional, dan tingginya pengeluaran militer, sehingga hampir seluruh aktivitas ekonomi terserap untuk menutupi dampak kekerasan.
Dampak langsung dan tidak langsung
Komponen terbesar dari biaya kekerasan adalah pengeluaran militer dan keamanan internal. Pada 2024, pengeluaran militer global mencapai $2,7 triliun, naik 9% dari tahun sebelumnya.
Selain itu, kerugian tidak langsung juga signifikan:
- Kehilangan PDB akibat konflik naik 44% pada 2024.
- Kerugian akibat pengungsi dan IDPs meningkat di 112 negara, dengan rata-rata kenaikan 30%.
- Kehilangan tenaga kerja produktif menurunkan produktivitas nasional.
Sejak 2008, biaya akibat kematian konflik meningkat 421%.
Ketimpangan global: Negara damai vs negara konflik
Perbedaan biaya kekerasan antara negara damai dan negara konflik sangat mencolok.
Tabel Perbandingan Biaya Kekerasan: Negara Damai vs Negara Konflik
Kategori Negara | Contoh Negara | Biaya Kekerasan (% PDB) | Biaya Kekerasan per Kapita (PPP) | Karakteristik Utama |
Negara Damai | Islandia, Norwegia, Selandia Baru | ±2,5% dari PDB | Relatif rendah (sekitar $1.000–$2.000) | · Fokus pada kesejahteraan sosial · Investasi besar di pendidikan & Kesehatan · Stabilitas politik tinggi<br>- Militerisasi rendah |
Negara Konflik | Afghanistan, Ukraina, Sudan, Yaman | >40% dari PDB | Sangat tinggi (lebih dari $10.000 per orang di PPP) | · Anggaran terserap untuk perang & keamanan · Infrastruktur rusak · Tingkat pengungsi & IDPs tinggi · Produktivitas ekonomi menurun drastis |
Dampak sosial-ekonomi
Biaya kekerasan tidak hanya tercermin dalam angka makroekonomi, tetapi juga dalam kehidupan sehari-hari masyarakat:
- Pendidikan: anggaran berkurang, akses sekolah terhambat.
- Kesehatan: sistem runtuh, dana dialihkan ke militer.
- Infrastruktur: hancur, mobilitas ekonomi terganggu.
- Investasi asing: enggan masuk ke negara konflik.
Posisi Indonesia
Indonesia menempati peringkat ke-49 global dengan skor 1.786, naik tiga posisi dibanding tahun sebelumnya.
- Tidak termasuk negara dengan biaya kekerasan tertinggi.
- Berhasil menekan biaya melalui keberhasilan melawan terorisme.
- Tantangan tetap ada: konflik lokal di Papua dan polarisasi politik.
Indonesia mencatat peningkatan 2,9% skor perdamaian tahun ini, menjadikannya salah satu negara dengan perbaikan terbesar di Asia.
Jalan Keluar: Investasi dalam Perdamaian
GPI menekankan pentingnya Positive Peace—sikap, institusi, dan struktur yang menopang perdamaian jangka panjang.
Namun, investasi perdamaian masih minim: pada 2024, pengeluaran global untuk peacebuilding dan peacekeeping hanya $47,2 miliar, atau 0,52% dari total pengeluaran militer.
Biaya kekerasan terhadap ekonomi global bukanlah sesuatu yang tak terhindarkan. Ia adalah hasil dari pilihan politik dan kebijakan. Dengan biaya mencapai hampir $20 triliun per tahun, dunia memiliki insentif besar untuk berinvestasi dalam perdamaian.
Indonesia, dengan posisinya yang relatif stabil, bisa menjadi contoh bagaimana negara berkembang menekan biaya kekerasan melalui kebijakan berorientasi perdamaian. Pada akhirnya, perdamaian bukan hanya nilai moral, tetapi juga strategi ekonomi.
Sumber: GPI 2025
🇬🇧 English
Violence is not just a
humanitarian tragedy; it is a financial burden that hinders development, erodes
welfare, and slows global progress. The Global Peace Index (GPI) 2025 report
reveals that the economic cost of violence in 2024 reached 19.97 trillion in Purchasing
PowerParity (PPP) terms. This figure is equivalent to 11.6% of the world's
total GDP, or approximately 2,446 per person.
The Scale of
the Cost: Staggering Figures
Let’s look at the details.
- Total Global
Cost of Violence (2024): $19.97 trillion PPP.
- Largest
Contributors: Military and internal security spending account for 74% of
the total cost.
- Military
Spending Alone: Approximately $9 trillion PPP.
- Highest
Burden: Afghanistan and Ukraine, where the cost of violence exceeds 40% of
national GDP.
- The Gap:
- Average cost
in the 10 most affected countries: 27.8% of GDP.
- Average cost in the 10 most peaceful
countries: only 2.5% of GDP.
The 10
Countries Most Affected by the Cost of Violence (As a % of GDP, 2024)
The ten most affected nations have an average violence cost of 27.75% of
their GDP:
- Afghanistan (41.56%)
- Ukraine (40.92%)
- North Korea (39.14%)
- Syria (33.97%)
- Somalia (24.71%)
- Central African Republic (22.48%)
- Colombia (19.66%)
- Palestine (19.42%)
- Burkina Faso (18.97%)
- Cyprus
(16.75%)
These countries
experience a combination of internal conflict, international war, and high
military spending, meaning almost all economic activity is absorbed to cover
the impact of violence.
Direct and
Indirect Impacts
The largest components
of the cost of violence are military expenditure and internal security. In
2024, global military spending reached $2.7
trillion, a 9% increase from the previous year.
However, indirect losses are also significant:
- GDP loss due to conflict rose by 44% in 2024.
- Losses due to refugees and IDPs increased in 112 countries, with
an average rise of 30%.
- Loss of productive labor has lowered national productivity.
- Since 2008,
the economic cost of conflict deaths has increased by 421%.
Global
Inequality: Peaceful vs. Conflict Nations
The difference in the
cost of violence between peaceful nations and those in conflict is stark.
|
Country
Category |
Examples |
Cost
of Violence (% GDP) |
Cost
per Capita (PPP) |
Key
Characteristics |
|
Peaceful Nations |
Iceland, Norway, New Zealand |
±2.5% of GDP |
Relatively low (1,000–2,000) |
• Focus on social welfare • Major investment in education & health • High political stability • Low militarization |
|
Conflict Nations |
Afghanistan, Ukraine, Sudan, Yemen |
>40% of GDP |
Very high (>$10,000 per person) |
• Budget absorbed by war & security • Destroyed infrastructure • High rates of refugees & IDPs • Drastic drop in economic productivity |
Socio-Economic
Impact
The cost of violence is not just reflected in macroeconomic figures, but
also in the daily lives of people:
- Education:
Budgets are cut, and access to schools is hindered.
- Health:
Systems collapse as funds are diverted to the military.
- Infrastructure:
Destruction disrupts economic mobility.
- Foreign Investment: Investors are
reluctant to enter conflict zones.
Indonesia's Position
Indonesia ranks 49th globally with a score of 1.786, rising three
positions compared to the previous year.
- It is not
among the countries with the highest costs of violence.
- It has
successfully suppressed costs through successes in counter-terrorism.
- Challenges
remain: Local conflicts in Papua and political polarization.
- Indonesia recorded a 2.9% improvement in
its peace score this year, making it one of the countries with the largest
improvements in Asia.
The Way Forward: Investing in Peace
The GPI emphasizes the
importance of Positive Peace—the attitudes, institutions, and structures that
sustain long-term peace.
However, investment in
peace remains minimal: in 2024, global spending on peacebuilding and peacekeeping
was only $47.2 billion, or 0.52% of total military spending.
The cost of violence
to the global economy is not inevitable. It is the result of political choices
and policies. With costs reaching nearly $20 trillion annually, the world has a
massive incentive to invest in peace.
Indonesia, with its
relatively stable position, can serve as an example of how a developing nation
can reduce the cost of violence through peace-oriented policies. Ultimately,
peace is not just a moral value, but also an economic strategy.
Source: GPI 2025

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